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小编给大家分享一下怎么在Linux上检查一个软件包的详细信息，相信大部分人都还不怎么了解，因此分享这篇文章给大家参考一下，希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大有收获，下面让我们一起去了解一下吧！
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YUM 英文直译是“黄狗更新器–修改版”，它是一个开源的基于命令行的包管理器前端实用工具。它被广泛应用在基于 RPM 的系统上，例如：RHEL 和 CentOS。
Yum 是用于在官方发行版仓库以及其他第三方发行版仓库下获取、安装、删除、查询 RPM 包的主要工具。
（LCTT 译注：用 yum info 获取 python 包的信息）
# yum info pythonLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, securityLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * epel: epel.mirror.constant.comInstalled PackagesName : pythonArch : x86_64Version : 2.6.6Release : 66.el6_8Size : 78 kRepo : installedFrom repo : updatesSummary : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming languageURL : http://www.python.org/License : PythonDescription : Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming : language often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. Python includes : modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types and : dynamic typing. Python supports interfaces to many system calls and : libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk, : Mac and MFC). : : Programmers can write new built-in modules for Python in C or C++. : Python can be used as an extension language for applications that need : a programmable interface. : : Note that documentation for Python is provided in the python-docs : package. : : This package provides the "python" executable; most of the actual : implementation is within the "python-libs" package.
yumdb info 这个命令提供与 yum info 相类似的的信息，不过它还额外提供了诸如包校验值、包类型、用户信息（由何人安装）。从 yum 3.2.26 版本后，yum 开始在 rpm 数据库外储存额外的信息了（此处如显示 user 表明该包由用户安装，而 dep 说明该包是被作为被依赖的包而被安装的）。
（LCTT 译注：用 yumdb info 来获取 python 包的信息）
# yumdb info pythonLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorpython-2.6.6-66.el6_8.x86_64 changed_by = 4294967295 checksum_data = 53c75a1756e5b4f6564c5229a37948c9b4561e0bf58076bd7dab7aff85a417f2 checksum_type = sha256 command_line = update -y from_repo = updates from_repo_revision = 1488370672 from_repo_timestamp = 1488371100 installed_by = 4294967295 reason = dep releasever = 6
RPM 英文直译为“红帽包管理器”，这是一个在 RedHat 以及其变种发行版（如RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE、Megeia）下的功能强大的命令行包管理工具。它能让你轻松的安装、升级、删除、查询以及校验你的系统或服务器上的软件。RPM 文件以 .rpm 结尾。RPM 包由它所依赖的软件库以及其他依赖构成，它不会与系统上已经安装的包冲突。
（LCTT 译注：用 rpm -qi 查询 nano 包的具体信息）
# rpm -qi nanoName : nano Relocations: (not relocatable)Version : 2.0.9 Vendor: CentOSRelease : 7.el6 Build Date: Fri 12 Nov 2010 02:18:36 AM ESTInstall Date: Fri 03 Mar 2017 08:57:47 AM EST Build Host: c5b2.bsys.dev.centos.orgGroup : Applications/Editors Source RPM: nano-2.0.9-7.el6.src.rpmSize : 1588347 License: GPLv3+Signature : RSA/8, Sun 03 Jul 2011 12:46:50 AM EDT, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9dePackager : CentOS BuildSystem URL : http://www.nano-editor.orgSummary : A small text editorDescription :GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.
DNF 指“时髦版的 Yum”，我们也可以认为 DNF 是下一代的 yum 包管理器（Yum 的一个分支），它在后台使用了 hawkey/libsolv 库。Aleš Kozumplík 在Fedora 18 上开始开发 DNF，在 Fedora 22 上正式***发布。 dnf 命令用来在 Fedora 22 及以后的系统上安装、更新、搜索以及删除包。它能自动的解决包安装过程中的包依赖问题。
（LCTT 译注： 用 dnf info 查看 tilix 包信息）
$ dnf info tilixLast metadata expiration check: 27 days, 10:00:23 ago on Wed 04 Oct 2017 06:43:27 AM IST.Installed PackagesName : tilixVersion : 1.6.4Release : 1.fc26Arch : x86_64Size : 3.6 MSource : tilix-1.6.4-1.fc26.src.rpmRepo : @SystemFrom repo : @commandlineSummary : Tiling terminal emulatorURL : https://github.com/gnunn1/tilixLicense : MPLv2.0 and GPLv3+ and CC-BY-SADescription : Tilix is a tiling terminal emulator with the following features: : : - Layout terminals in any fashion by splitting them horizontally or vertically : - Terminals can be re-arranged using drag and drop both within and between : windows : - Terminals can be detached into a new window via drag and drop : - Input can be synchronized between terminals so commands typed in one : terminal are replicated to the others : - The grouping of terminals can be saved and loaded from disk : - Terminals support custom titles : - Color schemes are stored in files and custom color schemes can be created by : simply creating a new file : - Transparent background : - Supports notifications when processes are completed out of view : : The application was written using GTK 3 and an effort was made to conform to : GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG).
zypper 是一个使用 libzypp 库的命令行包管理器。zypper 提供诸如软件仓库访问，安装依赖解决，软件包安装等等功能。
（LCTT 译注： 用 zypper info 查询 nano 包的信息）
$ zypper info nano Loading repository data...Reading installed packages... Information for package nano:-----------------------------Repository : Main Repository (OSS) Name : nano Version : 2.4.2-5.3 Arch : x86_64 Vendor : openSUSE Installed Size : 1017.8 KiB Installed : No Status : not installed Source package : nano-2.4.2-5.3.src Summary : Pico editor clone with enhancementsDescription : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor. It aims to emulate the Pico text editor while also offering a few enhancements.
Pacman 意即包管理器实用工具。pacman 是一个用于安装、构建、删除、管理 Arch Linux 上包的命令行工具。它后端使用 libalpm（Arch Linux package Manager（ALPM）库）来完成所有功能。
（LCTT 译注： 用 pacman -Qi 来查询 bash 包信息）
$ pacman -Qi bashName : bashVersion : 4.4.012-2Description : The GNU Bourne Again shellArchitecture : x86_64URL : http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/bash.htmlLicenses : GPLGroups : baseProvides : shDepends On : readline>=7.0 glibc ncursesOptional Deps : bash-completion: for tab completionRequired By : autoconf automake bison bzip2 ca-certificates-utils db dhcpcd diffutils e2fsprogs fakeroot figlet findutils flex freetype2 gawk gdbm gettext gmp grub gzip icu iptables keyutils libgpg-error libksba libpcap libpng libtool lvm2 m4 man-db mkinitcpio nano neofetch nspr nss openresolv os-prober pacman pcre pcre2 shadow systemd texinfo vte-common which xdg-user-dirs xdg-utils xfsprogs xorg-mkfontdir xorg-xpr xzOptional For : NoneConflicts With : NoneReplaces : NoneInstalled Size : 7.13 MiBPackager : Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) Build Date : Tue 14 Feb 2017 01:16:51 PM UTCInstall Date : Thu 24 Aug 2017 06:08:12 AM UTCInstall Reason : Explicitly installedInstall Script : NoValidated By : Signature
apt-cache 命令能显示 apt 内部数据库中的大量信息。这些信息是从 sources.list 中的不同的软件源中搜集而来，因此从某种意义上这些信息也可以被认为是某种缓存。这些信息搜集工作是在运行 apt update 命令时执行的。
（LCTT 译注：用管理员权限查询 apache2 包的信息）
$ sudo apt-cache show apache2Package: apache2Priority: optionalSection: webInstalled-Size: 473Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers Original-Maintainer: Debian Apache Maintainers Architecture: amd64Version: 2.4.12-2ubuntu2Replaces: apache2.2-commonProvides: httpd, httpd-cgiDepends: lsb-base, procps, perl, mime-support, apache2-bin (= 2.4.12-2ubuntu2), apache2-utils (>= 2.4), apache2-data (= 2.4.12-2ubuntu2)Pre-Depends: dpkg (>= 1.17.14)Recommends: ssl-certSuggests: www-browser, apache2-doc, apache2-suexec-pristine | apache2-suexec-custom, ufwConflicts: apache2.2-common (<< 2.3~)Filename: pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.12-2ubuntu2_amd64.debSize: 91348MD5sum: ab0ee0b0d1c6b3d19bd87aa2a9537125SHA1: 350c9a1a954906088ed032aebb77de3d5bb24004SHA256: 03f515f7ebc3b67b050b06e82ebca34b5e83e34a528868498fce020bf1dbbe34Description-en: Apache HTTP Server The Apache HTTP Server Project's goal is to build a secure, efficient and extensible HTTP server as standards-compliant open source software. The result has long been the number one web server on the Internet. . Installing this package results in a full installation, including the configuration files, init scripts and support scripts.Description-md5: d02426bc360345e5acd45367716dc35cHomepage: http://httpd.apache.org/Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebugOrigin: UbuntuSupported: 9mTask: lamp-server, mythbuntu-frontend, mythbuntu-desktop, mythbuntu-backend-slave, mythbuntu-backend-master, mythbuntu-backend-master
APT 意为高级打包工具，就像 DNF 将如何替代 YUM 一样，APT 是 apt-get 的替代物。它功能丰富的命令行工具包括了如下所有命令的功能如 apt-cache、apt-search、dpkg、apt-cdrom、apt-config、apt-key 等等，我们可以方便的通过 apt 来安装 .dpkg 包，但是我们却不能通过 apt-get 来完成这一点，还有一些其他的类似的功能也不能用 apt-get 来完成，所以 apt-get 因为没有解决上述功能缺乏的原因而被 apt 所取代。
（LCTT 译注： 用 apt show 查看 nano 包信息）
$ apt show nanoPackage: nanoVersion: 2.8.6-3Priority: standardSection: editorsOrigin: UbuntuMaintainer: Ubuntu Developers Original-Maintainer: Jordi Mallach Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebugInstalled-Size: 766 kBDepends: libc6 (>= 2.14), libncursesw5 (>= 6), libtinfo5 (>= 6)Suggests: spellConflicts: picoBreaks: nano-tiny (<< 2.8.6-2)Replaces: nano-tiny (<< 2.8.6-2), picoHomepage: https://www.nano-editor.org/Task: standard, ubuntu-touch-core, ubuntu-touchSupported: 9mDownload-Size: 222 kBAPT-Manual-Installed: yesAPT-Sources: http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 PackagesDescription: small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico GNU nano is an easy-to-use text editor originally designed as a replacement for Pico, the ncurses-based editor from the non-free mailer package Pine (itself now available under the Apache License as Alpine). . However, GNU nano also implements many features missing in pico, including: - undo/redo - line numbering - syntax coloring - soft-wrapping of overlong lines - selecting text by holding Shift - interactive search and replace (with regular expression support) - a go-to line (and column) command - support for multiple file buffers - auto-indentation - tab completion of filenames and search terms - toggling features while running - and full internationalization support
dpkg 意指Debian 包管理器。dpkg 是用于 Debian 系统上安装、构建、移除以及管理 Debian 包的命令行工具。dpkg 使用 aptitude（因为它更为主流及用户友好）作为前端工具来完成所有的功能。其他的工具如dpkg-deb 和 dpkg-query 使用 dpkg 做为前端来实现功能。尽管系统管理员还是时不时会在必要时使用 dpkg 来完成一些软件安装的任务，他大多数情况下还是会因为 apt、apt-get 以及 aptitude 的健壮性而使用后者。
（LCTT 译注： 用 dpkg -s 查看 python 包的信息）
$ dpkg -s pythonPackage: pythonStatus: install ok installedPriority: optionalSection: pythonInstalled-Size: 626Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers Architecture: amd64Multi-Arch: allowedSource: python-defaultsVersion: 2.7.14-2ubuntu1Replaces: python-dev (<< 2.6.5-2)Provides: python-ctypes, python-email, python-importlib, python-profiler, python-wsgirefDepends: python2.7 (>= 2.7.14-1~), libpython-stdlib (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1)Pre-Depends: python-minimal (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1)Suggests: python-doc (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1), python-tk (>= 2.7.14-1~)Breaks: update-manager-core (<< 0.200.5-2)Conflicts: python-central (<< 0.5.5)Description: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version) Python, the high-level, interactive object oriented language, includes an extensive class library with lots of goodies for network programming, system administration, sounds and graphics. . This package is a dependency package, which depends on Debian's default Python version (currently v2.7).Homepage: http://www.python.org/Original-Maintainer: Matthias Klose
我们也可使用 dpkg 的 -p 选项，这个选项提供和 dpkg -s 相类似的信息，但是它还提供了包的校验值和包类型。
（LCTT 译注： 用 dpkg -p 查看 python3 包的信息）
$ dpkg -p python3Package: python3Priority: importantSection: pythonInstalled-Size: 67Origin: UbuntuMaintainer: Ubuntu Developers Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebugArchitecture: amd64Multi-Arch: allowedSource: python3-defaultsVersion: 3.6.3-0ubuntu2Replaces: python3-minimal (<< 3.1.2-2)Provides: python3-profilerDepends: python3.6 (>= 3.6.3-1~), libpython3-stdlib (= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2), dh-pythonPre-Depends: python3-minimal (= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2)Suggests: python3-doc (>= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2), python3-tk (>= 3.6.3-1~), python3-venv (>= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2)Filename: pool/main/p/python3-defaults/python3_3.6.3-0ubuntu2_amd64.debSize: 8712MD5sum: a8bae494c6e5d1896287675faf40d373Description: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)Original-Maintainer: Matthias Klose SHA1: 2daec885cea7d4dc83c284301c3bebf42b23e095SHA256: 865e509c91d2504a16c4b573dbe27e260c36fceec2add3fa43a30c1751d7e9bbHomepage: http://www.python.org/Task: minimal, ubuntu-core, ubuntu-coreDescription-md5: 950ebd8122c0a7340f0a740c295b9eabSupported: 9m
aptitude 是 Debian GNU/Linux 包管理系统的文本界面。它允许用户查看已安装的包的列表，以及完成诸如安装、升级、删除包之类的包管理任务。这些管理行为也能从图形接口来执行。
（LCTT 译注： 用 aptitude show 查看 htop 包信息）
$ aptitude show htopPackage: htop Version: 2.0.2-1State: installedAutomatically installed: noPriority: optionalSection: universe/utilsMaintainer: Ubuntu Developers Architecture: amd64Uncompressed Size: 216 kDepends: libc6 (>= 2.15), libncursesw5 (>= 6), libtinfo5 (>= 6)Suggests: lsof, straceConflicts: htop:i386Description: interactive processes viewer Htop is an ncursed-based process viewer similar to top, but it allows one to scroll the list vertically and horizontally to see all processes and their full command lines. Tasks related to processes (killing, renicing) can be done without entering their PIDs.Homepage: http://hisham.hm/htop/
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