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C++语言学习(二十)——自定义内存管理

C++语言学习(二十)——自定义内存管理

一、统计类对象中成员变量的访问次数

mutable是为了突破const函数的限制而设计的,mutable修饰的成员变量将永远处于可改变的状态。mutable成员变量破坏了只读对象的内部状态,而const成员函数保证只读对象的状态不变性,因此mutable成员变量无法保证只读对象状态的不变性。

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#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
public:
    Test():m_count(0)
    {
    }
    void setValue(const int value)
    {
        m_count++;
        m_data = value;
    }
    int getValue()
    {
        m_count++;
        return m_data;
    }
    int getValue()const
    {
        m_count++;
        return m_data;
    }
    int getCount()const
    {
        return m_count;
    }
private:
    int m_data;
    mutable int m_count;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Test test1;
    test1.setValue(100);
    cout << test1.getCount() << endl;

    const Test test2;
    test2.getValue();
    cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
    return 0;
}

上述代码使用mutable修饰成员变量m_count,确保在const函数内部也可以改变其值,但mutable破坏了只读对象状态的不变性,所以不推荐。

#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
public:
    Test():m_count(new int(0))
    {
    }
    void setValue(const int value)
    {
        *m_count = *m_count + 1;
        m_data = value;
    }
    int getValue()
    {
        *m_count = *m_count + 1;
        return m_data;
    }
    int getValue()const
    {
        *m_count = *m_count + 1;
        return m_data;
    }
    int getCount()const
    {
        return *m_count;
    }
private:
    int m_data;
    int*  const m_count;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Test test1;
    test1.setValue(100);
    cout << test1.getCount() << endl;

    const Test test2;
    test2.getValue();
    cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
    return 0;
}

上述代码使用指针常量统计访问成员变量的次数,不会破坏只读对象的状态不变性。

二、new/delete操作符重载

1、new/delete操作符本质

new/delete的本质是C++预定义的操作符,C++语言规范对new/delete操作符做出了严格的规范:
A、new关键字用于获取足够的内存空间(默认为堆空间),在获取的空间中调用构造函数创建对象。
B、delete调用析构函数销毁对象,归还对象所占用的空间(默认为堆空间)。
C++语言中可以重载new/delete操作符,重载new/delete操作符的意义在于改变动态对象创建时的内存分配方式,可以将new创建的对象分配在栈空间、静态存储空间、指定地址空间。
new/delete操作符支持全局重载、局部重载,但不推荐对new/delete操作符进行全局重载,通常对new/delete操作符进行局部重载,如针对具体的类进行new/delete操作符重载。
new/delete操作符重载函数默认为静态函数,无论是否显示声明static关键字。

    //static member function
    void* operator new(unsigned int size)
    {
        void* ret = NULL;
        /* ret point to allocated memory */
        return ret;
    }
    //static member function
    void operator delete(void* p)
    {
        /* free the memory which is pointed by p */
    }

2、在静态存储区创建对象

#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
private:
    static const unsigned int COUNT = 4;
    static char c_buffer[];
    static char c_map[];
    int m_value;
public:
    Test(int value = 0)
    {
        m_value = value;
        cout << "value : " << value << endl;
    }
    //static member function
    void* operator new (unsigned int size)
    {
        void* ret = NULL;
        for(int i = 0; i < COUNT; i++)
        {
            if( !c_map[i] )
            {
                c_map[i] = 1;
                ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
                cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
                break;
            }
        }
        return ret;
    }
    //static member function
    void operator delete (void* p)
    {
        if( p != NULL )
        {
            char* mem = reinterpret_cast(p);
            int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
            int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
            if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < COUNT) )
            {
                c_map[index] = 0;
                cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
            }
        }
    }
    int getValue()const
    {
        return m_value;
    }
};

char Test::c_buffer[sizeof(Test) * Test::COUNT] = {0};
char Test::c_map[Test::COUNT] = {0};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
    Test* pt = new Test(1);
    delete pt;

    cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
    Test* pa[5] = {0};
    for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        pa[i] = new Test(100 + i);
        cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
    }
    for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
        if(pa[i] != NULL)
        {
            delete pa[i];
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

上述代码,new会创建Test对象到静态存储空间中,从打印结果可以知道new创建Test对象时先调用new操作符重载函数,在返回的空间中再调用Test构造函数。

3、在指定地址创建对象

在类中对new/delete操作符进行重载,在new操作符重载函数中返回指定的地址,在delete操作符重载函数中标记对应的地址可用。

#include 
#include 
#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
    static unsigned int c_count;
    static char* c_buffer;
    static char* c_map;
    int m_value;
public:
    static bool SetMemorySource(char* memory, unsigned int size)
    {
        bool ret = false;

        c_count = size / sizeof(Test);

        ret = (c_count && (c_map = reinterpret_cast(calloc(c_count, sizeof(char)))));

        if( ret )
        {
            c_buffer = memory;
        }
        else
        {
            free(c_map);
            c_map = NULL;
            c_buffer = NULL;
            c_count = 0;
        }
        return ret;
    }

    void* operator new (unsigned int size)
    {
        void* ret = NULL;

        if( c_count > 0 )
        {
            for(int i=0; i 0 )
            {
                char* mem = reinterpret_cast(p);
                int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
                int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
                if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < c_count) )
                {
                    c_map[index] = 0;
                    cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                free(p);
            }
        }
    }
};

unsigned int Test::c_count = 0;
char* Test::c_buffer = NULL;
char* Test::c_map = NULL;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char buffer[12] = {0};
    Test::SetMemorySource(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
    cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
    Test* pt = new Test;
    delete pt;

    cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
    Test* pa[5] = {0};
    for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        pa[i] = new Test;
        cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
    }

    for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
        delete pa[i];
    }

    return 0;
}

上述代码中,可以在指定地址空间创建对象,也可以不指定地址空间,此时在堆空间创建对象。

4、在栈空间创建对象

#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
    int m_value;
public:
    Test(int value = 0)
    {
        m_value = value;
        cout << "value : " << m_value << endl;
        cout << "this : " << this << endl;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Test test(100);
    //在栈空间创建对象
    Test* pTest = new(&test) Test(1000);

    return 0;
}
上述代码中,可以使用new操作符的默认实现在栈空间创建对象。

5、new[]/delete[]关键字

new[]/delete[]关键字与new/delete关键字完全不同,是一组全新的关键字。
new[]关键字用于创建动态对象数组,delete[]关键字用于销毁动态对象数组。new[]/delete[]关键字可以进行重载,用于优化内存管理方式。new[]关键字返回的空间大小通常大于预期的动态数组空间大小。

#include 
#include 
#include 

using namespace std;

class Test
{
    int m_value;
public:
    Test(int value = 0)
    {
        m_value = value;
    }

    ~Test()
    {
    }

    void* operator new (unsigned int size)
    {
        cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
        return malloc(size);
    }

    void operator delete (void* p)
    {
        cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
        free(p);
    }

    void* operator new[] (unsigned int size)
    {
        cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
        return malloc(size);
    }

    void operator delete[] (void* p)
    {
        cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
        free(p);
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    Test* pt = NULL;
    pt = new Test;
    delete pt;

    pt = new Test[5];
    delete[] pt;
    return 0;
}

上述代码中,重载了new[]/delete[]关键字。


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