oracle数据库sql命令怎么改

你说的比较范范，我只能让你看看语句大全，你可以全面了解

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Oracle数据库语句大全

ORACLE支持五种类型的完整性约束

NOT NULL (非空)--防止NULL值进入指定的列,在单列基础上定义,默认情况下,ORACLE允许在任何列中有NULL值.

CHECK (检查)--检查在约束中指定的条件是否得到了满足.

UNIQUE (唯一)--保证在指定的列中没有重复值.在该表中每一个值或者每一组值都将是唯一的.

PRIMARY KEY (主键)--用来唯一的标识出表的每一行,并且防止出现NULL值,一个表只能有一个主键约束.

POREIGN KEY (外部键)--通过使用公共列在表之间建立一种父子(parent-child)关系,在表上定义的外部键可以指向主键或者其他表的唯一键.ORACLE支持五种类型的完整性约束

NOT NULL (非空)--防止NULL值进入指定的列,在单列基础上定义,默认情况下,ORACLE允许在任何列中有NULL值.

CHECK (检查)--检查在约束中指定的条件是否得到了满足.

UNIQUE (唯一)--保证在指定的列中没有重复值.在该表中每一个值或者每一组值都将是唯一的.

PRIMARY KEY (主键)--用来唯一的标识出表的每一行,并且防止出现NULL值,一个表只能有一个主键约束.

POREIGN KEY (外部键)--通过使用公共列在表之间建立一种父子(parent-child)关系,在表上定义的外部键可以指向主键或者其他表的唯一键.

1--设置每行显示多少字符 set linesize 300;

2 设置每页显示多少条记录 set pagesize 30;

3 用户名的切换: 如 conn system/tiger

Conn sys/change_on_install as sysdba(注意超级用户 在后面加as sysdba)

4 在超级用户下查找普通用户的表是查不到的 必须这样查找 如 select * from scott.emp(普通用户下的emp表)

5 查看当前是那个用户身份登录: show user;

6 查看有多少张表: select * from tab;(注意不同用户下的表是不同的)

7查看表的结构: desc emp(emp为表名)

8 取出重复的列(DISTINCT): 如 SELECT DISTINCT JOB EMP(去掉job的重复的值)

9字符串的链接操作用: ||

10 查询有奖金的员工: select* from emp where comm is not null;

11 查询没有奖金的员工信息: select * from emp where comm is null;

12 两个条件以上就得用and 如查询工资大雨1500和有奖金的员工 select * from emp where sal1500 and comm is not null;

13 表示两个条件有一个满足就可就用:or 如查询工资大于1500或者没有奖金的员工信息

Select * from emp where sal1500 or comm is not null;

14取反可以用not 如 查询员工工资不大于1500和有奖金的员工信息 如:

Select * from emp where not (sal1500 or comm is not null);

15 在什么什么之间用between----and----如查询工资在1500和3000之间的员工信息:

Select * from emp where sal between 1500 and 3000;

16 查询员工编号是2323, 4555, 2222的员工具体信息: 如

Select * from emp where empno in(2323,4555,2222);

17.l模糊查询 like 一般结合"%"和"_"使用其中%:表示可以匹配任意长度的内容,"_"表示匹配一个长度放入内容 如: 查询员工姓名中第二哥字母是M的员工信息:

Select * from emp where ename LIKE '_M%';

又如姓名中包含M的员工 Select * from emp where ename LIKE '%M%';

18oracle中不等于有两种表示方式""和"!="

19 排序用order by {asc desc}其中asc 是升序排列 如果不写就默认按升序排列desc是按降序排列 排序语句放在sal语句的最后如: 按员工工资进行排序

Select * from emp order by sal asc(升序)

Selecct * from emp order by sal desc(降序)

Select * from emp where deptno='10' order by sal desc,hiredate asc;(查询部门10的员工工资的升序排列如果工资相等就按员工的入职时间排序)

20.group by 用于对查询的结果进行分组统计: 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资 如:

Select avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;

Having 子句用于限制分组显示结果: 显示平均工资大于2000的的部门号和他的平均工资?

如:select avg(sal), deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)2000;

2. 单行函数:

1 小写变大写: upper 如 select * from emp where ename=upper('smith');

讲一个字符串变为小写字母表示 如: select lower('HELLO WORLD') FROM DUAL;

将单词的首字母变大写 用 INITCAP 如: SELECT INITCAP('HELLO WORLD') FROM DUAL;

2.字符串的操作

Substr()截取字符串 length()字符串的长度 replace()替换字符串

3数值函数

四舍五入: round();

截断小数位:trunc();

oracle怎么doc命令中设置显示格式?

应该是oracle在dos中设置显示格式，并不是doc下显示。

一般有以下设置方式：

set colsep' ';　 //域输出分隔符

set echo off;//显示start启动的脚本中的每个sql命令，缺省为on

set feedback off;//回显本次sql命令处理的记录条数，缺省为on

set heading off; //输出域标题，缺省为on

set pagesize 0;　//输出每页行数，缺省为24,为了避免分页，可设定为0。

set termout off; //显示脚本中的命令的执行结果，缺省为on

set trimout on;　//去除标准输出每行的拖尾空格，缺省为off

set trimspool on;//去除重定向（spool）输出每行的拖尾空格，缺省为off

oracle中exp命令怎样使用

exp三种用法：

1、exp 导出某个用户全部数据库

格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp full=y;

ywxy/ywxy@ORCL  是用户名/密码@数据库名

file=d:/daochu1.dmp  是导出的路径

full=y 是导出全库

2、exp 导出某个用户的某个库

格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp owner=system;

ywxy/ywxy@ORCL  是用户名/密码@数据库名

file=d:/daochu1.dmp  是导出的路径

owner=system 是要导出的库

3、exp 导出某个用户的某个表

格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp tables=C_ZX_QYJC;

ywxy/ywxy@ORCL  是用户名/密码@数据库名

file=d:/daochu1.dmp  是导出的路径

tables=C_ZX_QYJC  是导出的表名字，多个表名则 (table1,table2)形式

扩展资料：

常用选项：

1、FULL，用于导出整个数据库，在ROWS=N一起使用时，可以导出整个数据库的结构。

2、OWNER和TABLE，这两个选项用于定义EXP的对象。OWNER定义导出指定用户的对象，TABLE指定EXP的table名称。

⒊BUFFER和FEEDBACK，在导出比较多的数据时，考虑设置这两个参数。

⒋FILE和LOG，这两个参数分别指定备份的DMP名称和LOG名称，包括文件名和目录。

⒌COMPRESS参数不压缩导出数据的内容。用来控制导出对象的storage语句如何产生。默认值为Y，使用默认值，对象的存储语句的init extent等于当前导出对象的extent的总和。推荐使用COMPRESS=N。

⒍ FILESIZE该选项在8i中可用。如果导出的dmp文件过大时，最好使用FILESIZE参数，限制文件大小不要超过2G。

干货-Oracle里的常用命令

本文转自：51Testing软件测试网。（）

  第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches

sql alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints

sql alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups

sql alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members

sql alter database add logfile member

sql '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile

sql alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

sql to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups

sql alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members

sql alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files

sql alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');

c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.new);

d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.addfile);

e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename='c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');

f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

sql v$logmnr_logs);

g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

　 　第二章：表空间管理

1.create tablespaces

sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,

sql 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace

sql create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace

sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting

sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online

sql alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace

sql drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files

sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m

sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually

sql alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database

sql alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

　 　第三章：表

1.create a table

sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

sql tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

sql [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table

sql create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table

sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter

sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

sql minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents

sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace

sql alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space

sql alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table

sql truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table

sql drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column

sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused

sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes

sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index

sql create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

sql maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*

100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes

sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index

sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index

sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space

sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

　 　第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

sql alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table

sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert

sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert

sql alter session enable parallel dml;

sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader

sql sqlldr scott/tiger \

sql control = ulcase6.ctl \

sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

1.using expoty

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace

sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

$copy datafile

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set

sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list ='sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=true);

在表transport_set_violations 中查看

sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章：managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password

sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function

sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),

old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting

sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

sql password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile

sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile

sql drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit

sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost

dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits

sql alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication

sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire

sql [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace

sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.drop a user

sql drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user

view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege

sql grant create session,create table to managers;

sql grant create session to scott with admin option;

with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:

sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,

alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

alter database archivelog,restricted session

sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege

sql revoke create table from karen;

sql revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege

sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege

sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view := sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail

sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing

sql audit user;

13.privilege auditing

sql audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing

sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,

dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,

dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles

sql create role sales_clerk;

sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

sql create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role

sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

sql alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles

sql grant sales_clerk to scott;

sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role

sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role all;

sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles

sql set role hr_clerk;

sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql set role all except sales_clerk;

sql set role none;

6.remove role from user

sql revoke sales_clerk from scott;

sql revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role

sql drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information

view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,

role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

shutdown immediate

cp files /backup/

startup

5.restore to a different location

connect system/manager as sysdba

startup mount

alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';

alter database open;

6.recover syntax

--recover a mounted database

recover database;

recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';

alter database recover database;

--recover an opened database

recover tablespace user_data;

recover datafile 2;

alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically

set autorecovery on

recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:

--method 1(mounted databae)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf

startup mount

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;

alter database open;

--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or

recover tablespace user_data;

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

startup mount

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;

alter database open

copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf

alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'

recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''

recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online

5.perform an open database backup

alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

copy files /backup/

alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;

alter system switch logfile;

6.backup a control file

alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';

alter database backup controlfile to trace;

7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)

shutdown abort

cp files

startup

8.recovery of file in backup mode

alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery

alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;

alter database drop logfile group 1;

alter database open;

or cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log

alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

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