干货-Oracle里的常用命令

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  第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches

sql alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints

sql alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups

sql alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members

sql alter database add logfile member

sql '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile

sql alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

sql to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups

sql alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members

sql alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files

sql alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');

c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.new);

d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.addfile);

e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename='c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');

f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

sql v$logmnr_logs);

g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

　 　第二章：表空间管理

1.create tablespaces

sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,

sql 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace

sql create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace

sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting

sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online

sql alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace

sql drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files

sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m

sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually

sql alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database

sql alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

　 　第三章：表

1.create a table

sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

sql tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

sql [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table

sql create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table

sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter

sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

sql minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents

sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace

sql alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space

sql alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table

sql truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table

sql drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column

sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused

sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes

sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index

sql create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

sql maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*

100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes

sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index

sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index

sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space

sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

　 　第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

sql alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table

sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert

sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert

sql alter session enable parallel dml;

sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader

sql sqlldr scott/tiger \

sql control = ulcase6.ctl \

sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

1.using expoty

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace

sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

$copy datafile

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set

sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list ='sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=true);

在表transport_set_violations 中查看

sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章：managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password

sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function

sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),

old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting

sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

sql password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile

sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile

sql drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit

sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost

dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits

sql alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication

sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire

sql [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace

sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.drop a user

sql drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user

view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege

sql grant create session,create table to managers;

sql grant create session to scott with admin option;

with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:

sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,

alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

alter database archivelog,restricted session

sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege

sql revoke create table from karen;

sql revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege

sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege

sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view := sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail

sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing

sql audit user;

13.privilege auditing

sql audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing

sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,

dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,

dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles

sql create role sales_clerk;

sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

sql create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role

sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

sql alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles

sql grant sales_clerk to scott;

sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role

sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role all;

sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles

sql set role hr_clerk;

sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql set role all except sales_clerk;

sql set role none;

6.remove role from user

sql revoke sales_clerk from scott;

sql revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role

sql drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information

view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,

role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

shutdown immediate

cp files /backup/

startup

5.restore to a different location

connect system/manager as sysdba

startup mount

alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';

alter database open;

6.recover syntax

--recover a mounted database

recover database;

recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';

alter database recover database;

--recover an opened database

recover tablespace user_data;

recover datafile 2;

alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically

set autorecovery on

recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:

--method 1(mounted databae)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf

startup mount

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;

alter database open;

--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or

recover tablespace user_data;

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

startup mount

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;

alter database open

copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf

alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'

recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''

recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online

5.perform an open database backup

alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

copy files /backup/

alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;

alter system switch logfile;

6.backup a control file

alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';

alter database backup controlfile to trace;

7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)

shutdown abort

cp files

startup

8.recovery of file in backup mode

alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery

alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;

alter database drop logfile group 1;

alter database open;

or cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log

alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

oracle 中用什么命令执行一个带参数的存储过程

具体如下：

1、第一步，创建一个新的存储过程，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

2、第二步，完成上述步骤后，修改存储过程。

此存储过程具有一个输入参数（pid）和一个输出参数，即通过用户id查询用户名并返回名称，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

3、第三步，完成上述步骤后，调试存储过程，找到新创建的存储过程，右键单击[test]按钮，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

4、第四步，完成上述步骤后，修改id值，然后单击左上角的“倒三角”按钮以开始调试，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

5、第五步，完成上述步骤后，按[CTRL +

N]进行单步调试，按[CTRL + O]单步调试，按[CTRL + T]退出调试，或者单击调试工具进行调试，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

6、第六步，完成上述步骤后，可以在窗口底部输入变量名称，以观察变量的变化，见下图，转到下面的步骤。

7、第七步，完成上述步骤后，可以查看调试结果，见下图。这样，就解决了这个问题了。

oracle数据库入门教程

oracle是块结构语言，oracle程序划分成几个部分，并在每个部分中写入逻辑代码块，每个块由三个子部分组成。

声明部分：此部分是以关键字DECLARE开头。这是一个可选部分，并定义了程序中要使用的所有变量，游标，子程序和其他元素。

可执行命令部分：此部分包含在关键字BEGIN和END之间，这是一个强制性部分。由程序的可执行oracle语句组成。应该有至少一个可执行代码行，可以只是一个NULL命令，表示不执行任何操作。

异常处理部分 ：此部分以关键字EXCEPTION开头。这是一个可选部分，包含处理程序中错误的异常。

每个oracle语句以分号(;)结尾。使用BEGIN和END可以将oracle块嵌套在其他oracle块中。以下是Poracle块的基本结构。

Hello World示例：

END；行表示oracle块的结尾。要从oracle命令行运行代码，需要在代码的最后一行之后键入/字符。当上述代码在oracle提示符下执行时，它会产生以下结果：

oracle标识符：oracle标识符是常量，变量，异常，过程，游标和保留字。标识符包括一个字母，可选地后跟多个字母，数字，美元符号，下划线和数字符号，不得超过30个字符。

默认情况下，标识符不区分大小写。例如，可以使用integer或INTEGER来表示一个数值。 不能使用保留关键字作为标识符。

扩展资料

oracle注释程序：注释可以在编写的oracle代码中包含的说明性文字，并帮助其他人阅读源代码。所有编程语言都允许某种形式的注释。

oracle支持单行和多行注释。注释中的所有字符都被oracle编译器忽略。oracle单行注释以分隔符开头 --(双连字符)，多行注释由/*和*/括起来。

当上述代码在oracle提示符下执行时，会产生以下结果：

oracle变量的名称由可选的字母，数字，美元($)符号，下划线和数字符号组成，不能超过30个字符。 默认情况下，变量名不区分大小写。不能将保留的oracle关键字用作变量名称。

oracle编程语言允许定义各种类型的变量，如：日期时间数据类型，记录，集合等，我们将在后面的章节中介绍。 在本章中仅学习基本的变量类型。

linux下怎么启动oracle数据库，命令是什么？

启动oracle数据库步骤：\x0d\x0a首先使用oracle用户登录Linux，然后在shell命令行中执行下面的命令：\x0d\x0a第一步：打开Oracle监听\x0d\x0a$ lsnrctl start\x0d\x0a第二步：进入sqlplus\x0d\x0a$ sqlplus /nolog\x0d\x0aSQL\x0d\x0a第三步：使用sysdab角色登录sqlplus\x0d\x0aSQL conn /as sysdba\x0d\x0a第四步：启动数据库\x0d\x0aSQL startup\x0d\x0a经过上面的四个步骤，oracle数据库就可以启动了。\x0d\x0a关闭数据库用 shutdown 是要等待事物结束才关闭，强制关闭用 shutdown abort。

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