甜橘子，专注成都网站制作网站设计与营销型网站建设与优化
QQ :532337155
电话：028-86922220
LDAP是轻量目录访问协议，英文全称是Lightweight Directory Access Protocol，一般都简称为LDAP。它是基于X.500标准的，但是简单多了并且可以根据需要定制。与X.500不同，LDAP支持TCP/IP，这对访问Internet是必须的。LDAP的核心规范在RFC中都有定义，所有与LDAP相关的RFC都可以在LDAPman RFC网页中找到
ldap环境安装
1-1检查系统环境
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# cat/etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]## uname -r
2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]## uname -m
x86_64
配置yum源，保留rpm原有的包
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# sed -i's#keepcache=0#keepcache=1#g' /etc/yum.conf
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# grep keepcache/etc/yum.conf
keepcache=1
关闭selinux防火墙以及防火墙
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# setenforce 0
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# getenforce
Permissive
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]#/etc/init.d/iptables stop
时间同步
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# /usr/sbin/ntpdatetime.windows.com
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# crontab -e
#time sync
*/5 * * * */usr/sbin/ntpdate time.windows.com>/dev/null 2>&1
设定ldap域名并配置host
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# echo"10.1.11.149 baobaotang.org" >>/etc/hosts
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# tail -1 /etc/hosts
10.1.11.149 baobaotang.org
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# pingbaobaotang.org
PING baobaotang.org (10.1.11.149) 56(84)bytes of data.
64 bytes from baobaotang.org (10.1.11.149):icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=7.37 ms
64 bytes from baobaotang.org (10.1.11.149):icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
开始安装ldap master
openldap依赖的软件很多，我们一般功能性软件都用yum安装，定制的软件用源码安装
安装前：检查
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# rpm -qa openldap
openldap-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# rpm -qa |grepopenldap
openldap-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
openldap-devel-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
安装
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# yum -y installopenldap openldap-* -y
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# yum -y installnscd nss-pam-ldap nss-* pcre pcre-*
安装好检查一下，出现以下包就ok
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# rpm -qa |grepopenldap
openldap-clients-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
openldap-servers-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
openldap-servers-sql-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
openldap-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
openldap-devel-2.4.40-12.el6.x86_64
小提示：如果以上安装出现报错，建议依赖包分开yum安装
配置ldap master
[root@vm0021 xuqizhang]# cd /etc/openldap/
[root@vm0021 openldap]# ll
total 20
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 16:47 certs
-rw-r----- 1 root ldap 121 May 11 2016 check_password.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 280 May 11 2016 ldap.conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 10:31 schema
drwx------ 3 ldap ldap 4096 Mar 30 10:31 slapd.d
centos5和centos6 ldap配置文件有变化，6的配置文件在slapd.d目录下，5的就是当前目录下的slapd.conf
[root@vm0021 openldap]# cp/usr/share/openldap-servers/slapd.conf.obsolete slapd.conf #拷贝模板在当前目录下
[root@vm0021openldap]# slappasswd -s admin #生成密码，管理员创建的密码
{SSHA}ZZ7RPi0ih/cr00LurQoTfse1826YbQGj
[root@vm0021 openldap]# slappasswd -s admin|sed -e "s#{SSHA}#rootpw\t{SSHA}#g" >>slapd.conf #这个文件追加到slapd.conf下
[root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -1 slapd.conf
rootpw {SSHA}XKdLuM/nmj43cQATC42z/CY8YTBClBHB
[root@vm0021 openldap]# cp slapd.confslapd.conf.ori
[root@vm0021 openldap]#vim slapd.conf
database bdb #默认就好，是指定使用的数据库
suffix "dc=baobaotang,dc=org" #修改自己的域名
#checkpoint 1024 15 #注释
rootdn "cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" #管理员的rootdn，唯一标示
Ldap管理员：admin 密码：admin
ldap参数优化及日志、缓存参数
##日志参数，cat用法
[root@vm0021 openldap]# cat >>/etc/openldap/slapd.conf< > #add start by xqz 2017/3/30 > loglevel 296 #日志级别 > cachesize 1000 #缓存记录数 > checkpoint 2048 10 #文件达到2048，每10分钟做一次回写 > #add end by xqz 2018/3/30 > EOF 权限控制 删除如下： vim slapd.conf 98 database config #这是写法是2.4的写法，不用删除加新的写法，2.4的配置，兼容2.3 99 access to * 100 bydn.exact="gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn= auth" manage 101 by * none 102 103 # enable server status monitoring (cn=monitor) 104 database monitor 105 access to * 106 bydn.exact="gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn= auth" read 107 bydn.exact="cn=Manager,dc=my-domain,dc=com" read 108 by * none 添加如下内容 不加也可以~~~ 96 access to * 97 by self write 98 by users read 99 by anonymous auth 1-2配置rssyslog记录ldap服务日志 [root@vm0021 openldap]# cp/etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.conf.ori.$(date +%F%T) [root@vm0021 openldap]# echo '#recordldap.log by xqz 2017-03-30' >> /etc/rsyslog.conf [root@vm0021 openldap]# echo 'local4.* /var/log/ldap.log'>> /etc/rsyslog.conf [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -1/etc/rsyslog.conf local4.* /var/log/ldap.log [root@vm0021 openldap]# /etc/init.d/rsyslogrestart 1-3配置ldap数据库路径，提示：6.4以下的版本可能路径会发生变化 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll/var/lib/ldap/ #数据库路径 total 0 [root@vm0021 openldap]# cp/usr/share/openldap-servers/DB_CONFIG.example /var/lib/ldap/DB_CONFIG [root@vm0021 openldap]#ll /var/lib/ldap/ #数据库已经拷贝过来了 total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root845 Mar 30 12:13 DB_CONFIG 授权访问，默认是root [root@vm0021 openldap]# chown ldap:ldap/var/lib/ldap/DB_CONFIG [root@vm0021 openldap]# chmod 700/var/lib/ldap/ [root@vm0021 openldap]# ls -l/var/lib/ldap/ total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 ldap ldap 845 Mar 30 12:13DB_CONFIG 过滤查看一下数据库里面的文件 [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep -Ev"#|^$" /var/lib/ldap/DB_CONFIG set_cachesize 0 268435456 1 set_lg_regionmax 262144 set_lg_bsize 2097152 [root@vm0021 openldap]# slaptest -u #执行这个命令证明数据库配置成功 config file testing succeeded 1-4 启动ldap-master服务 系统5.8启动方式是/etc/init.d/ldap start 6.4以上系统启动就变了，如下就是6.5的启动方式 [root@vm0021 openldap]# /etc/init.d/slapdstart Starting slapd: [ OK ] [root@vm0021 openldap]# lsof -i :389 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME slapd 24258 ldap 7u IPv4 115368 0t0 TCP *:ldap (LISTEN) slapd 24258 ldap 8u IPv6 115369 0t0 TCP *:ldap (LISTEN) [root@vm0021 openldap]# ps -ef|grep ldap ldap 24258 1 0 12:32 ? 00:00:01 /usr/sbin/slapd -h ldap:/// ldapi:/// -u ldap root 24274 23605 0 12:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep ldap 开机自启动，也可以放在rc.local下 [root@vm0021 openldap]# chkconfig slapd on [root@vm0021 openldap]# chkconfig --listslapd slapd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off 查看启动日志 [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail/var/log/ldap.log #如果没有日志说明你的rsyslog服务器没配好 Mar 30 12:32:57 vm0021 slapd[24257]: @(#)$OpenLDAP: slapd 2.4.40 (May 10 2016 23:30:49)$#012#011mockbuild@worker1.bsys.centos.org: /builddir/build/BUILD/openldap-2.4.40/openldap-2.4.40/build-servers/servers/slapd 命令的用法 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldap #命令的用法 ldapadd ldapdelete ldapmodify ldappasswd ldapurl ldapcompare ldapexop ldapmodrdn ldapsearch ldapwhoami [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapsearch -LLL -W-x -H ldap://baobaotang.org -D "cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -b"dc=baobaotang,dc=org" "(uid=*)" Enter LDAP Password: #输入密码 ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49) #有问题，版本导致的 解决方法： [root@vm0021 openldap]# rm -rf/etc/openldap/slapd.d/* #删除默认2.4的配置文件 [root@vm0021 openldap]# slaptest -f/etc/openldap/slapd.conf -F /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ #重新生成slapd.d 58dca609 bdb_monitor_db_open: monitoringdisabled; configure monitor database to enable config file testing succeeded [root@vm0021 openldap]# /etc/init.d/slapdrestart Stopping slapd: [ OK ] Checking configuration files forslapd: [FAILED] 58dca645 ldif_read_file: Permission deniedfor "/etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config.ldif" #启动报错，权限问题 slaptest: bad configuration file! [root@vm0021 openldap]# chown -R ldap.ldap/etc/openldap/slapd.d/ #给权限 [root@vm0021 openldap]# /etc/init.d/slapdrestart Stopping slapd: [FAILED] Starting slapd: [ OK ] [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapsearch -LLL -W-x -H ldap://baobaotang.org -D "cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -b"dc=baobaotang,dc=org" "(uid=*)" Enter LDAP Password: No such object (32) #重新查询，出现这个就证明好了 到此问题解决 1-5 为ldap master数据库添加数据的方法 根据系统用户及ldap自带的脚本初始化数据 添加测试用户test，配置用户登录环境 [root@vm0021 openldap]# groupadd -g 5000test [root@vm0021 openldap]# useradd -u 5001 -g5000 test 创建根项，并使用openLDAP-servers自带脚本生成和导入pass/group配置 [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep test /etc/passwd> passwd.in [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep test/etc/group > group.in [root@vm0021 openldap]# yum installmigrationtools -y [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_base.pl > base.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# vi /usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_common.ph #修改71行和74行，修改结果如下 # Default DNS domain $DEFAULT_MAIL_DOMAIN ="baobaotang.org"; # Default base $DEFAULT_BASE ="dc=baobaotang,dc=org"; 生成ldap数据，引用脚本导入数据 操作命令： [root@vm0021 openldap]# export LC_ALL=C [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_base.pl >base.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_base.pl passwd.in passwd.ldif dn: dc=baobaotang,dc=org dc: baobaotang objectClass: top objectClass: domain dn: ou=Hosts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Hosts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Rpc,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Rpc objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Services,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Services objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byuser,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nismapname: netgroup.byuser objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap dn: ou=Mounts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Mounts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Networks,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Networks objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: People objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Group objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Netgroup,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Netgroup objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Protocols,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Protocols objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Aliases,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Aliases objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byhost,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nismapname: netgroup.byhost objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll group.inpasswd.* -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 13 Mar 31 00:55group.in -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 39 Mar 31 00:55passwd.in [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_base.pl group.in group.ldif dn: dc=baobaotang,dc=org dc: baobaotang objectClass: top objectClass: domain dn: ou=Hosts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Hosts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Rpc,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Rpc objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Services,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Services objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byuser,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nismapname: netgroup.byuser objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap dn: ou=Mounts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Mounts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Networks,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Networks objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: People objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Group objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Netgroup,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Netgroup objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Protocols,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Protocols objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Aliases,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Aliases objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byhost,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nismapname: netgroup.byhost objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll -al *.ldif -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1284 Mar 31 01:09base.ldif 利用ldapadd 导入模板文件中的内容。 导入用户LDIF 文件至OpenLDAP 目录树中，生成用户 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -w admin -x-H ldap://127.0.0.1 -D "cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f base.ldif adding new entry"dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry "ou=Hosts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Rpc,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Services,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"nisMapName=netgroup.byuser,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Mounts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry "ou=Networks,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Netgroup,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Protocols,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"ou=Aliases,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"nisMapName=netgroup.byhost,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=Manager,dc=gdy,dc=com" -f group.ldif group.ldif: No such file or directory [root@vm0021 openldap]# [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -n 10/etc/group > group [root@vm0021 openldap]# cat group stapusr:x:156: stapsys:x:157: stapdev:x:158: sshd:x:74: tcpdump:x:72: slocate:x:21: smart:x:500: ldap:x:55: nscd:x:28: test:x:5000: [root@vm0021 openldap]# /usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_group.plgroup group.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# head -n 20group.ldif dn:cn=stapusr,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapusr userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 156 dn: cn=stapsys,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapsys userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 157 dn:cn=stapdev,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapdev userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 158 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=Manager,dc=gdy,dc=com" -f group.ldif Enter LDAP Password: ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49) [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f group.ldif Enter LDAP Password: adding new entry"cn=stapusr,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=stapsys,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=stapdev,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=sshd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=tcpdump,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=slocate,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=smart,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=ldap,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry "cn=nscd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=test,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f passwd.ldif passwd.ldif: No such file or directory [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -n 10 /etc/passwd> passwd [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_group.pl passwd passwd.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f passwd.ldif Enter LDAP Password: adding new entry"cn=saslauth,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=postfix,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=pulse,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"cn=sshd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" ldap_add: Already exists (68) #已存在，先不管 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll -al *.ldif -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1284 Mar 31 01:09base.ldif -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1338 Mar 31 01:42group.ldif -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1475 Mar 31 01:48passwd.ldif 分别cat查看一下 [root@vm0021 openldap]# cat passwd.ldif dn: cn=saslauth,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: saslauth userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 498 memberUid: 76 dn:cn=postfix,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: postfix userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 89 memberUid: 89 dn: cn=pulse,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: pulse userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 497 memberUid: 496 dn: cn=sshd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: sshd userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 74 memberUid: 74 dn:cn=tcpdump,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: tcpdump userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 72 memberUid: 72 dn: cn=smart,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: smart userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 500 memberUid: 500 dn: cn=ldap,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: ldap userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 55 memberUid: 55 dn: cn=nscd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: nscd userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 28 memberUid: 28 dn: cn=nslcd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: nslcd userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 65 memberUid: 55 dn: cn=test,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: test userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5001 memberUid: 5000 以上就是导入到ldap数据库的操作 备份ldap数据 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapsearch -LLL -wadmin -x -H ldap://baobaotang.org -D "cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org"-b "dc=baobaotang,dc=org" >bak-ldap.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# cat bak-ldap.ldif dn: dc=baobaotang,dc=org dc: baobaotang objectClass: top objectClass: domain dn: ou=Hosts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Hosts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Rpc,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Rpc objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Services,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Services objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byuser,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nisMapName: netgroup.byuser objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap dn: ou=Mounts,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Mounts objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Networks,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Networks objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: People objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Group objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Netgroup,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Netgroup objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Protocols,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Protocols objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: ou=Aliases,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ou: Aliases objectClass: top objectClass: organizationalUnit dn:nisMapName=netgroup.byhost,dc=baobaotang,dc=org nisMapName: netgroup.byhost objectClass: top objectClass: nisMap dn:cn=stapusr,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapusr userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 156 dn:cn=stapsys,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapsys userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 157 dn: cn=stapdev,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: stapdev userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 158 dn: cn=sshd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: sshd userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 74 dn: cn=tcpdump,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: tcpdump userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 72 dn:cn=slocate,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: slocate userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 21 dn: cn=smart,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: smart userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 500 dn: cn=ldap,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: ldap userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 55 dn: cn=nscd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: nscd userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 28 dn: cn=test,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: test userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 5000 dn:cn=saslauth,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: saslauth userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 498 memberUid: 76 dn: cn=postfix,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: postfix userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 89 memberUid: 89 dn: cn=pulse,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: pulse userPassword:: e2NyeXB0fXg= gidNumber: 497 memberUid: 496 ldap master配置web管理接口 ldap的客户端管理接口有很多，有b/s结构、web的、也有C/S结构的，我们以b/s为例讲解，ldap-account-manager-3.7.tar.gz讲解 这个软件需要安装lamp服务环境 [root@vm0021 openldap]# yum install httpdphp php-ldap php-gd -y [root@vm0021 openldap]# rpm -qa httpd phpphp-ldap php-gd php-gd-5.3.3-48.el6_8.x86_64 httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64 php-ldap-5.3.3-48.el6_8.x86_64 php-5.3.3-48.el6_8.x86_64 https://www.ldap-account-manager.org/lamcms/ 官网下载ldap-account-manager-3.7.tar.gz [root@vm0021 openldap]# cd /var/www/html/ wgethttp://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/lam/ldap-account-manager-3.7.tar.gz [root@vm0021 html]# ll 总用量 8944 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9157357 3月 31 10:47 ldap-account-manager-3.7.tar.gz [root@vm0021 html]# tar -xfldap-account-manager-3.7.tar.gz [root@vm0021 html]# cdldap-account-manager-3.7 [root@vm0021 ldap-account-manager-3.7]# cdconfig [root@vm0021 config]# cp config.cfg_sampleconfig.cfg_sample.bak [root@vm0021 config]# cp lam.conf_samplelam.conf_sample.bak [root@vm0021 config]# sed -i's#cn=Manager#cn=admin#g' lam.conf_sample [root@vm0021 config]# sed -i's#dc=my-domain#dc=baobaotang#g' lam.conf_sample [root@vm0021 config]# sed -i's#dc=com#dc=org#g' lam.conf_sample [root@vm0021 config]# diff lam.conf_samplelam.conf_sample.bak 13c13 < admins: cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org --- > admins: cn=Manager,dc=my-domain,dc=com 55c55 < types: suffix_user:ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org --- > types: suffix_user:ou=People,dc=my-domain,dc=com 59c59 < types: suffix_group:ou=group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org --- > types: suffix_group:ou=group,dc=my-domain,dc=com 63c63 < types: suffix_host:ou=machines,dc=baobaotang,dc=org --- > types: suffix_host:ou=machines,dc=my-domain,dc=com 67c67 < types: suffix_smbDomain:dc=baobaotang,dc=org --- > types: suffix_smbDomain: dc=my-domain,dc=com [root@vm0021 html]# mvldap-account-manager-3.7 ldap [root@vm0021 config]# chown -Rapache.apache /var/www/html/ldap [root@vm0021 config]# /etc/init.d/httpdrestart 正在启动 httpd：httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for vm0021 httpd: Could not reliably determine theserver's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName [确定] [root@vm0021 config]# lsof -i :80 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME httpd 2567 root 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2572 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2573 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2574 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2575 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2576 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2577 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2578 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 2579 apache 4u IPv6 21230 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) 登录客户端访问http://10.1.11.149/ldap/即可，具体用法自己研究~~~ 当然还有别的工具 配置网络服务通过ldap服务进行身份验证 安装配置svn服务（非Apachesvn） 启用svn服务器的SASL验证机制 [独立的验证机制] 检查一下 [root@vm0021 html]# rpm -qa|grep sasl cyrus-sasl-lib-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 cyrus-sasl-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 cyrus-sasl-gssapi-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 cyrus-sasl-md5-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 cyrus-sasl-plain-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-15.el6_6.2.x86_64 yum安装相关的软件包，安装完成检查会有一推的包 [root@vm0021 html]# yum install *sasl* -y [root@vm0021 openldap]# saslauthd -v #通过这个命令查看验证机制列表 saslauthd 2.1.23 authentication mechanisms: getpwentkerberos5 pam rimap shadow ldap [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep -i mech/etc/sysconfig/saslauthd #-i是忽略大小写，MECH=pam是调整验证机制的 # Mechanism to use when checkingpasswords. Run "saslauthd -v"to get a list # of which mechanism your installation wascompiled with the ablity to use. MECH=pam # Options sent to the saslauthd. If theMECH is other than "pam" uncomment the next line. [root@vm0021 openldap]# sed -i's#MECH=pam#MECH=shadow#g' /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd #sed 替换为shadow # Options sent to the saslauthd. If theMECH is other than "pam" uncomment the next line. [root@vm0021 openldap]#/etc/init.d/saslauthd restart Stopping saslauthd: [FAILED] Starting saslauthd: [ OK ] [root@vm0021 openldap]# ps -ef|grep sasl root 29453 1 0 14:35 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m/var/run/saslauthd -a shadow root 29454 29453 0 14:35 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m/var/run/saslauthd -a shadow root 29455 29453 0 14:35 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m/var/run/saslauthd -a shadow root 29456 29453 0 14:35 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m/var/run/saslauthd -a shadow root 29458 29453 0 14:35 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m/var/run/saslauthd -a shadow root 29460 28899 0 14:35 pts/1 00:00:00 grep sasl 命令测试saslauthd进程的认证功能 admin为linux系统用户，admin为用户的密码，执行后出现OK "Success，则表示认证功能已起作用 [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd-uadmin -padmin #验证失败 0: NO "authentication failed" [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep admin /etc/passwd #没有这个用户名 [root@vm0021 openldap]# id admin id: admin: No such user [root@vm0021 openldap]# useradd admin #创建一个本地系统用户 [root@vm0021 openldap]# passwd admin #给一个密码，这里密码不显示，我给的密码是admin Changing password for user admin. New password: BAD PASSWORD: it is too short BAD PASSWORD: is too simple Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updatedsuccessfully. 再次验证，成功 [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd-uadmin -padmin # 0: OK "Success." 通过ldap进行验证 man saslauthd配置文件，会看到这个文件是存在的，隐藏了，但是可以vi编辑这个文件 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll/etc/saslauthd.conf ls: cannot access /etc/saslauthd.conf: Nosuch file or directory [root@vm0021 config]# sed -i's#MECH=shadow#MECH=ldap#g' /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd #改成ldap验证机制 [root@vm0021 config]# /etc/init.d/saslauthdrestart Stopping saslauthd: [ OK ] Starting saslauthd: [ OK ] #再次验证，失败，接下来怎么办呢，vi编辑这个文件/etc/saslauthd.conf，默认是不存在的 [root@vm0021 config]# testsaslauthd -uadmin-padmin 0: NO "authentication failed" 这里按理说是成功的。。。。 [root@vm0021 openldap]# [root@vm0021 config]# cat/etc/saslauthd.conf ldap_servers:ldap://baobaotang.org/ ldap_bind_dn: cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ldap_bind_pw: admin ldap_search_base: ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org ldap_filter: uid=%U ldap_password_atter:userPassword 因为在这之前没有创建ldap用户，用user1测试时不成功的，因为用户不存在 下面我来创建ldap的用户，操作如下： [root@vm0021 openldap]# vim adduser.sh #!/bin/bash # Add system user for ldap in {1..5};do if id user${ldap} &>/dev/null;then echo "System account alreadyexists" else adduser user${ldap} echo user${ldap} | passwd --stdinuser${ldap} &> /dev/null echo "user${ldap} system addfinish" fi done [root@vm0021 openldap]# chmod +x adduser.sh [root@vm0021 openldap]# ./adduser.sh [root@vm0021 openldap]# id user1 uid=5004(user1) gid=5004(user1)groups=5004(user1) [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd-uuser1 -puser1 0: NO "authentication failed" [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -n 5/etc/passwd > system [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_passwd.pl system people.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# ll total 80 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 274 Mar 31 16:43adduser.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2671 Mar 31 11:50 bak-ldap.ldif -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1284 Mar 31 11:46 base.ldif drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 9 16:47 certs -rw-r----- 1 root ldap 121 May 11 2016 check_password.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 132 Mar 31 11:47group -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13 Mar 30 15:58group.in -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1337 Mar 31 11:47 group.ldif -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 280 May 11 2016 ldap.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 501 Mar 31 11:49passwd -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 39 Mar 30 15:58passwd.in -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1478 Mar 31 11:49 passwd.ldif -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2150 Mar 31 16:47 people.ldif drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 30 10:31 schema -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4459 Mar 30 11:39 slapd.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4681 Mar 30 11:05 slapd.conf.ori drwx------ 3 ldap ldap 4096 Mar 30 14:30 slapd.d -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 205 Mar 31 16:47system [root@vm0021 openldap]# tail -n 10/etc/group > group [root@vm0021 openldap]#/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_group.pl group group.ldif [root@vm0021 openldap]# head -n 5people.ldif dn: uid=user1,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user1 cn: user1 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount [root@vm0021 openldap]# cat people.ldif dn:uid=user1,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user1 cn: user1 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: top objectClass: shadowAccount userPassword:{crypt}$6$oWFU.3BW$1HWbdkYosz9VL6i5wKiRM4I2vT6Hk9zMoyIsyrkSK/.xCKQyiWRxWRHJgBY5xAiXW82qYK94ykvbdHzWZV8hj. shadowLastChange: 17256 shadowMin: 0 shadowMax: 99999 shadowWarning: 7 loginShell: /bin/bash uidNumber: 5004 gidNumber: 5004 homeDirectory: /home/user1 dn:uid=user2,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user2 cn: user2 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: top objectClass: shadowAccount userPassword:{crypt}$6$zYODZFJV$8IOdKkUM2mIRFmaKbNd3Mnv38mRawqNylTSTFWru6fXgTPCNpdlNqn1ZI1cAMwYLLElnYKKdNgZWv2eOvMOFk/ shadowLastChange: 17256 shadowMin: 0 shadowMax: 99999 shadowWarning: 7 loginShell: /bin/bash uidNumber: 5005 gidNumber: 5005 homeDirectory: /home/user2 dn: uid=user3,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user3 cn: user3 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: top objectClass: shadowAccount userPassword:{crypt}$6$kaE/FMPD$oxEh8BewkoeaOejAjmKxH7VtXY13aRTqHTzDaQ9/H8svHTgACVgX0G1/8X7ECgIKT7/LjHRXusqiNbflZEEmS1 shadowLastChange: 17256 shadowMin: 0 shadowMax: 99999 shadowWarning: 7 loginShell: /bin/bash uidNumber: 5006 gidNumber: 5006 homeDirectory: /home/user3 dn:uid=user4,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user4 cn: user4 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: top objectClass: shadowAccount userPassword:{crypt}$6$lBvP7CR3$7pDlbuerW58mWILooQVy33yn39nr5gs4ED1VgCH3FUYXk0hhUeTG8kxeQHhdGEUzGN0978eEYiCl.A9T2sp1g1 shadowLastChange: 17256 shadowMin: 0 shadowMax: 99999 shadowWarning: 7 loginShell: /bin/bash uidNumber: 5007 gidNumber: 5007 homeDirectory: /home/user4 dn:uid=user5,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org uid: user5 cn: user5 objectClass: account objectClass: posixAccount objectClass: top objectClass: shadowAccount userPassword:{crypt}$6$pz5Ln4/i$o3X2PlZS243cDOvXvlwBPz1tl9rEKVxuri9JQFbyhvR6FFrhtIHCLrEIEZrr/oQG9lDq8IdVVqca8Xyli9DJQ. shadowLastChange: 17256 shadowMin: 0 shadowMax: 99999 shadowWarning: 7 loginShell: /bin/bash uidNumber: 5008 gidNumber: 5008 homeDirectory: /home/user5 [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f people.ldif Enter LDAP Password: adding new entry"uid=user1,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"uid=user2,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"uid=user3,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"uid=user4,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" adding new entry"uid=user5,ou=People,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" [root@vm0021 openldap]# ldapadd -x -W -D"cn=admin,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" -f group.ldif Enter LDAP Password: adding new entry"cn=avahi,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org" ldap_add: Already exists (68) [root@vm0021 openldap]# cat group.ldif dn: cn=avahi,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: avahi userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 70 dn: cn=nscd,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: nscd userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 28 dn: cn=test,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: test userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5000 dn: cn=admin,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: admin userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5002 dn: cn=ltest,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: ltest userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5003 dn: cn=user1,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: user1 userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5004 dn: cn=user2,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: user2 userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5005 dn: cn=user3,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: user3 userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5006 dn: cn=user4,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: user4 userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5007 dn: cn=user5,ou=Group,dc=baobaotang,dc=org objectClass: posixGroup objectClass: top cn: user5 userPassword: {crypt}x gidNumber: 5008 [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd -uuser1-puser1 0: OK "Success." [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd-uuser2 -puser2 0: OK "Success." ###########成功了，这里有点小激动，不容易搞定的##################### 测试成功 [root@vm0021 openldap]# testsaslauthd-uuser1 -puser1 #这个用户是ldap用户 0: OK "Success." 小结 ldap要有对应的测试用户，要有ldap用户 更改文件里的配置 [root@vm0021 openldap]# grep -i mech/etc/sysconfig/saslauthd # Mechanism to use when checkingpasswords. Run "saslauthd -v"to get a list # of which mechanism your installation wascompiled with the ablity to use. MECH=ldap 调整配置etc/saslauthd.conf，如果不可以，重启saslauthd服务 安装svn并测试 安装略过~~~~~ svn通过ldap认证 这是不成功的，提示权限认证有问题 [root@vm0021 openldap]# svn checkoutsvn://10.1.11.149 /tmp --username=user1 --password=user1 Authentication realm: Username: user1 Password for 'user1': 接下来操作给权限 [root@vm0021 conf]# ll /etc/sasl2/ total 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 49 Nov 10 2015 smtpd.conf [root@vm0021 conf]# vi/etc/sasl2/svn.conf #默认不存在，创建一个文件 [root@vm0021 conf]# cat /etc/sasl2/svn.conf pwcheck_method: saslauthd mech_list: PLAIN LOCIN [root@vm0021 conf]# pwd /svn/project/conf [root@vm0021 conf]# sed -i 's@# use-sasl =true@use-sasl = true@g' svnserve.conf [root@vm0021 conf]# grep use-saslsvnserve.conf use-sasl = true #去掉这行注释 [root@vm0021 openldap]# cd/svn/project/conf/ [root@vm0021 conf]# pkill svnserve [root@vm0021 conf]# lsof -i :3690 [root@vm0021 conf]# svnserve -d -r/svn/project/ [root@vm0021 conf]# lsof -i :3690 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME svnserve 30088 root 3u IPv4 157380 0t0 TCP *:svn (LISTEN) [root@vm0021 conf]# diff svnserve.conf.baksvnserve.conf 12,13c12,13 < # anon-access = read < # auth-access = write --- > anon-access = none > auth-access = write 20c20 < # password-db = passwd --- > password-db = /svn/project/conf/passwd 27c27 < # authz-db = authz --- > authz-db = /svn/project/conf/authz 32c32 < # realm = My First Repository --- > realm = My First Repository 40c40 < # use-sasl = true --- > use-sasl = true [root@vm0021 openldap]# svn checkoutsvn://10.1.11.149 /tmp --username=user1 --password=user1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ATTENTION! Your password for authentication realm: can only be stored to diskunencrypted! You are advised toconfigure your system so that Subversion can storepasswords encrypted, if possible. See the documentation for details. You can avoid future appearances of thiswarning by setting the value of the 'store-plaintext-passwords' optionto either 'yes' or 'no' in '/root/.subversion/servers'. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Store password unencrypted (yes/no)? yes svn: Authorization failed #提示授权失败，这是因为我之前的svn服务修改了好几处配置文件，接下来恢复原始配置试试 出现authorization failed异常，一般都是authz文件里，用户组或者用户权限没有配置好，只要设置[/]就可以，代表根目录下所有的资源，如果要限定资源，可以加上子目录即可 [root@vm0021 conf]# mv svnserve.conf.baksvnserve.conf mv: overwrite `svnserve.conf'? y [root@vm0021 conf]# ll total 12 -rwx------ 1 root root 1140 Mar 16 15:31authz -rwx------ 1 root root 340 Mar 16 15:31 passwd -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2279 Dec 14 16:00svnserve.conf [root@vm0021 conf]# cp svnserve.confsvnserve.conf.bak [root@vm0021 conf]# sed -i 's@# use-sasl =true@use-sasl = true@g' svnserve.conf [root@vm0021 conf]# diff svnserve.conf.baksvnserve.conf 40c40 < # use-sasl = true --- > use-sasl = true [root@vm0021 conf]# pkill svnserve [root@vm0021 conf]# lsof -i :3690 [root@vm0021 conf]# svnserve -d -r/svn/project/ [root@vm0021 conf]# lsof -i :3690 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME svnserve 30131 root 3u IPv4 157592 0t0 TCP *:svn (LISTEN) [root@vm0021 conf]# svn checkoutsvn://10.1.11.149 /tmp --username=user1 --password=user1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ATTENTION! Your password for authentication realm: can only be stored to diskunencrypted! You are advised toconfigure your system so that Subversion can storepasswords encrypted, if possible. See the documentation for details. You can avoid future appearances of thiswarning by setting the value of the 'store-plaintext-passwords' optionto either 'yes' or 'no' in '/root/.subversion/servers'. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Store password unencrypted (yes/no)? yes Checked out revision 6. 此时成功了 我们在windows下测试一下 以下就表示成功 如有不明白的请联系作者~~~ 另外有需要云服务器可以了解下创新互联cdcxhl.cn，海内外云服务器15元起步，三天无理由+7*72小时售后在线，公司持有idc许可证，提供“云服务器、裸金属服务器、高防服务器、香港服务器、美国服务器、虚拟主机、免备案服务器”等云主机租用服务以及企业上云的综合解决方案，具有“安全稳定、简单易用、服务可用性高、性价比高”等特点与优势，专为企业上云打造定制，能够满足用户丰富、多元化的应用场景需求。
当前标题：LDAP架构部署认证-创新互联
文章URL：http://chengdu.cdxwcx.cn/article/dphdcd.html